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POLITICAL SCIENCE: THE MODERN VIEW OF
GOVERNMENT, STATE AND POLITICS
https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0DFHGW1R9
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DFG9SWPV
ABSTRACT
The modern view of government, state, and politics in the study of political science is a product of extensive research and phenomenological analysis of the political, economic, and cultural events that gradually changing in the 21st century. It also provides information about the fundamental concepts and principles in the study of political science. The convergence of the author’s view is reciprocated by guiding intellectual spirits of the ideas of a “savior”. It has been reminiscing the ideas of classic views in the work of Plato along the “Republic” as synthesized in the philosophical work by famous men during the “Age of Enlightenment just like Locke, Rousseau, Bacon, and all other men. The political decadence of the 21st century needs to pursue a regenerative contextual philosophy designed to appreciate the phenomenology of social facts in contemporary times.
There are secrets beyond the
chamber of knowledge that few good men could decipher the real essence of
intellectual integrity grounded by the unique contemporaneous events of their
time. Thus, this book was shaped so much by the classic genius men who loved to
write to genuine meaning of freedom, equality, and social justice to all men
where wisdom is bound by the laws of nature. There are important contents of
the other book entitled “Contemporary Republic: The Emergence of the Political
and Economic Philosophy in the 21st Century” The words of “savior” in this
book provide the intellectual virtues in the passage on a new form of
political philosophy and development strategies confined the ideal political
state of the 21st century. The ‘Republic” the famous work of Plato used
literary dialogue to describe life situations in order to synthesize the
dialectic form in the regeneration of the political, moral, ethical, and social
life in Greece.
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The History of Political Science
|
|
Fundamental Concepts and Principles of
Political Science
C. The
Importance of Political Science
|
|
Fundamental Concepts and Principles of the State A. The Origin
of State B. Definition
and Concept of a State C. The Political Existence of the
State D. The Rights and Duties of the
State
|
|
Fundamental Concepts and
Principles of Government A.
The General Concepts of
Government B.
The Forms of Government C.
Government: The Administration and
Execution of the Fundamental Law D.
Branches of Government
|
|
Constitution:
Fundamental Law of the State A. The Scope
and Content in the Formulation of the Constitution B. The General View,
Sources of Contribution, and Alteration of the Written and Unwritten
Constitution C. The Political Framework and Content of
the Constitution
|
|
Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Politics
|
|
Political
Dimension: Applied Ethics and Morality in Politics A. The 13 Ugly Truths About the Politicians B. The Ethical
Views of Politics C. The 10 Commandments of International
Politics D.
The
Genuine Heart and Soul of International Politics E. World
Domination: The Moral Ground on Entertainment and Media |
|
Political
Culture and Exploitation: The Contextual Approach of Social
Phenomenology A. The Social Phenomenology of Human
Reciprocity and Generosity B. The Defining Moment of Human Freedom and
Integrity of the Arab Nations C. The Social Phenomenology of the
"Rise and Fall Syndrome" in the Arab World |
|
The Development of Personal and Spiritual Conscience for the Politicians
B. The Human
Vanity C. The Greed and Vanity of the Human Race
|
|
Political Philosophy of Asian Contemporary Republic: Revival
of the Maritime Silk Road and
Confucian Philosophy of Change, Innovation, Idealism and Freedom 1.
Oriental Wisdom of the Mystical Monk in the Asian Region on World
Peace and Development: Contemporary Confucius of the 21st Century 2.
Adoption of the Best
Practice in the Establishment of the Maritime Silk Road Confucius Institute
in the Advocacy of World Peace and Development 3.
Political Philosophical Wisdom for
World Peace through Change, Innovation, Idealism and Freedom 4. Paradigm Shift Model of ‘One Belt One Road’ for World Peace through Change, Innovation, Idealism and Freedom Social Anatomy of Graft and Corruption in
the Politics of Government and State in Public Administration
Economic Management and Strategic
Planning for Stable Governance
INDEX A- “Contemporary Republic”: The
Emerging Political and Economic Philosophy of the 21st Century INDEX B- Republic-
Introduction (Plato) |
=============================================================
Fundamental
Concepts and Principles of Political Science
- Definitions of Political Science
In the history of
political science, this term originated from the Greek word “polis” which means “city” and “science” comes from
the Latin term ‘scire”. It also applies from its origin by the city-state
(“polis”) that existed and flourished during Greek Civilization at the time of
Plato and Aristotle. Generally, Political Science is now defined as the
systematic study of government and state as to its application of the law in society. These are the varied definitions of political science to
comprehensively discuss its relationship with the government and state in a
given society:
1.
It is the
science that studies the political power and authority of the state and
government.
The empirical
investigation of facts in political science to power and authority derives from
the social research in the electoral process as to its political transition by
those who would get the majority votes. It must be emphasized that the
sovereign electorate has the opportunity to decide the elective officials who
have the political power and authority to control the government for a specific
term from three (3) to six years (6). These political power and authority
derive from the mandate of the people or the district representatives are given
the mandate to administer the government. The elective or appointive officials
are given the supreme power and authority to work in the administrative system
of the government with the mandate of the people whom they will serve in
the best interest of the society.
2.
It is the systematic study of the institution,
organization, processes, and laws of the government.
The systematic study of
political science expounds to the government systems along with the various
agencies in working out to serve the enforcement of rules regulations,
and laws of the state. The government agencies are clearly defined by the functions
and responsibilities to deliver the development programs along with education,
health, science and technology, commerce and industry, public works,
agriculture and forestry, fishery, tourism, employment, etc. The governmental
implementation of laws and programs is directed at enforcement and regulation
of public policy and public order including the preservation of good customs
and morals of the society. The bureaucratic procedures also define the
processes and laws as directed by the public administration of the various
agencies of the government.
3.
It is the
study of politics that may influence the government structures and processes in
a given society.
The study of politics
focuses more on the ability to persuade and influence the sovereign electorate
to let them decide to put in public office. The political agenda of public
officials is the guiding principle for the normative government structures and
processes. This is based on a bureaucratic system that normally operates in a
given form of government. The government structure establishes the rules of
conduct and organizational procedures to enforce obedience in the execution of
laws and enforcement of regulatory measures including the implementation of the
development programs particularly on social services and economic services
needed by a given society.
4.
It is how the branches of government
perform various political tasks such as the delivery of basic services.
The political tasks of
the government include the enforcement of the law, regulation of societal
activities based on public policy, public order, good customs, and morals, and implementation of development programs and projects in the social and economic
services. In the application of laws as defined by the branches of government
such as the executive branch (execution of laws); legislative branch (enactment
of laws) and the judicial branch (interpretation of laws), it also provides
comprehensive mechanisms to support the delivery of services other than the
political enforcement and regulation of law in the state.
5. It is the exercise of the sovereign political right of the state and government to carry out its task for the improvement of quality of life in the society.
In the
establishment of the state and its operation of the government, the sovereign power
has been the mandate for the obedience in the enforcement of the laws of the
land through the execution of the legislative laws (congressionally enacted laws); executive
orders, decrees, instructions and circulars, judicial decisions to maintain
public order, public policy, morals and good custom for the political,
economic, social stability of the state. The sovereign political right is
extended to govern the subjects for the general and common welfare along with the
basic services needed to maintain the improvement of quality of life along with
the normative development thrust of poverty alleviation, job generation, social
justice, maintenance of peace and order, infrastructure development (public
works), sustainable development, and favorable economic investment programs for
the society.
- Concept of Law: Application of Political Science as to its Relationships in the Study of Government and State
The concept of law complements the existence of political science. There are no civilized conducts of state or government without legitimate guidelines to follow the rule of conduct. The implementation of the law requires to have a stable political system.
Law is a rule of conduct, just, obligatory,
laid by legitimate power for common observance and benefit. It is a science of
moral laws founded on the rational nature of man which regulates free activity
for the realization of his individual and social ends under the aspect of
mutual demandable independence. The concept of law complements existence.
Political science has a relationship with the study of law. A stable
political system exists once the law is properly implemented in a civilized
state. In the branches of government, its political functions and powers are
defined by law. The definition of law is a rule of conduct legitimately
implemented by those with political power and authority that are just and
obligatory for the common welfare of the state.
These are the classification of law that
explains the relationship of political science:
1. Criminal law is defined as the violation
or sanction of crimes committed based on the interest of the state to secure
peace and order in society. These are the preservation of the rights and
privileges that are violated by individuals such as crimes as homicide, murder,
physical injury, rape, arson, malversation of public funds, and rebellion. The
application of this category is the enforcement of laws to secure peace and
order in the community. The government has to reinforce the security of society by law enforcement agencies such as police agencies and armed
forces. It is the responsibility of the judiciary ( through the courts)to the
interpretation of specific crimes committed by individuals.
2. International Law addresses the regulation
of diplomatic relations and the varied political and economic issues in the
intercourse among nations. These are international regulations of the state along
with territorial jurisdictions, diplomatic relations, employment regulations,
economic embargo, tariff regulations, etc.
3. Political law has two areas namely:
constitutional law; and administrative law. It studies the governmental
organization and administration along with the constitution processes and
systems; and administrative regulation. In constitutional
law, it relates to the construction, enactment, and interpretation of the
legality and application of laws of the state. While administrative law applies the execution of law and determines its
violation of the rights of the authorities.
4. Private law relates the concern on
private matters as provided by the statute of the state. There are two areas in
this law : (1) civil law which
relates to the concern of family and the protection of the private interest of
individual; and (2) commercial law
which deals with the legal concern on commerce and industry.
5. Remedial law deals with rules and
regulations in all courts. It also deals with the rules concerning pleadings,
practice, and procedure in all courts of the state. It is more on the judicial
matter that this law is implemented in the court pleading and procedures.
Generally, the executive
branch executes the law; the legislative branch enacts the law, and the
judiciary interprets the law. This is the reason why the law is so important in
the existence of the state. We all know that the origin of law is through the
enactment of the legislative branch. It is based on the development priority of
the government to address the concerns on general welfare and the
implementation of the social services program.
This is also properly addressed in the revenue
generation by proposing tax policy to generate higher income. The revenue
generated is utilized as budget or public expenditures in social and economic
services particularly for the poor people in the community.
However, the implementation of the laws approved by the legislative
branch is carried out in the executive department. It depends on the priority
development agenda of the national leader concerning the economic and social
service with the end goal of improving the quality of life of the people.
Finally, the judiciary is mandated to interpret the laws enacted in the
legislative branch and may review in case of the problem of unconstitutionality of
the approved law by Congress.
C.
The Importance
of Political Science
Generally, the importance
of political science is the application of political powers and authority in
the realm of government structures. The ordinary citizens may know and learn about
their political rights and privileges from a given form of government including
the political structure and processes of the state.
1. The knowledge
of human rights and privileges will educate the citizens about their role in
the political affairs of the state particularly in political rights :
a) The right to
vote (suffrage);
b) The
constitutional rights and privileges( due process of law);
c) the right to provide basic services such as education,
health and sanitation, employment, and
other public support.
2. The study of
political science motivates the citizens to participate in the political
activities of the state as to achieve the development thrust of the
government concerning the improvement of quality of life.
3. The political
science concepts of democracy, dictatorship, and power structures give the
citizen a full understanding as to the consequences of individual political
action as defined by the political power and authority of the state.
4. The concept of
politics may well be studied in political science not simply in the art of
persuasion and influence that the citizens learn about also in how this political
concept area applied in society.
5. The
comprehensive study on the branches, forms, and systems of government provides
the individual better understanding of the concept of separation of powers,
parliamentary system, diplomatic immunity, human rights, general welfare,
social services
From the understanding
of these basic concepts of government, state, laws, and institutions those who
would study political science must know its importance and function,
relationship with other disciplines, and broader understanding of the specific
roles of the individual in a civilized society. The students and professionals
should not only know the political theories but also have deeper insights as to their
application in their field of expertise.
Thus, the study of
political science will also include the empirical investigation of political
facts through social research and the application of critical thinking. The
keywords in the comprehensive analysis of the principles of political science
are state, government, law, institution, power relationships, legal process,
constitutions, and politics. These are the important dimensions to study
political science that need to be constantly in touch to mold the citizens in
achieving quality of life to our society.
D. Political Science and Its Relationship with Other
Disciplines
The concept of political
science expounds on its relationships with the other specialized disciplines
in social sciences such as history, philosophy, sociology, psychology,
economics, and public administration:
1. History
History relates to past
events where we can find the rise and fall of empire or kingdom. The historical
achievements of the rulers, kings, and emperors have been the main focus as it
unfolded the rise of the nation and state. The historical chronicles of events
have always been related to the political struggle for power and authority.
The history of the nation
originated so much from the political expansion and division of the state that had
shaped the history of the nation from the early civilization and the rise of
empire; its division which later formed the feudal age; the rise of the state and
its role colonial administration; and the maturity of the individual state.
These are the significant relationships of history with that of political
science such as the concepts of feudalism, socialism, mercantilism, absolutism,
and other related terms that involved the political power and authority of the
state.
Relevant Relationships
of Political Science with History
a)
The Political
Development of the State and Empire. The Greek, Egyptian,
Persian, Indian, and Chinese Civilizations promulgated political
development along with the theory of divine rights of kings and emperors, state
tax, and forced labor.
b)
The Rise and Fall of Emperors and Kings. These are the
famous political rulers in the past empires like Hammurabi, Alexander the
Great, Julius Ceasar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Tsi Huan Ti, etc.; absolutism with
the theory of divine rights of the king and emperor; and the political dynastic
cycle of the rulers.
c)
The National
Revolution. The political activities led to the
dissatisfaction of the people just like the French Revolution, Indian Revolution, American Revolution, Asian
Revolution, and Latin American Revolution.
d)
The Political
Historical Transition. The political upheaval and transition of the
historical period on slave society, feudal system, mercantilism, colonialism,
imperialism, and the rise of the national state.
e)
The Age of
Reformation and Enlightenment. It explains the political
and religious awakening of the sovereign people along with the Protestant
Reformation, including the political ideas on human freedom, independence,
integrity, and esteem in the Age of Enlightenment.
f)
The Establishment
of a Sovereign State and Government. This is the
political upheaval of the colonies of Africa, America, and Asia into a
sovereign government with a parliamentary and presidential system of government.
g)
The Economic
System Advocacy. It provides information about the political and
economic transition to the communist state for social equality and
authoritative rule; government participation in the economic enterprise through
the idea of socialism; and the free market economy of the democratic and
republican state.
2. Philosophy
Philosophy focuses on the
study of logic, ethics, and morality. It has a special interest in the areas of
personal and collective values on wisdom, equality, freedom, justice, and
truth. These are the foundation of political science as completed by the study
of state and government. The ideas of people empowerment, human rights, justice, revolution, and independence were articulated by the philosophers to
enforce the democratic and authoritative role in society.
The wisdom and its role
in governance transform into what we call Political Philosophy. The political
philosophers of the age of Enlightenment have shown united thought on the ideas
of the social contract, democratic rights, good governance, and the political
ideologies that set the new authoritative form of government in the past.
Relevant Relationships of Political Science with
Philosophy
a) The Ancient Political Philosophy. This is the
systematic political analysis of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato about justice,
wisdom, and the development of city-states that finally led to the foundation of
Political Science as a discipline.
b) The Political Philosophers and the Philosophical
Advocacy on the Ethical Views of Government. The political philosophy
in the study of government structure, ethics, and the sovereign state just like
the work of Niccolo Machiavelli on the epistemological structure of government;
Thomas Hobbes on social contract; Baruch Spinoza on the political authority and
rational egoism; Confucius on political ethics; John Locke the nature of the
sovereign authority of the citizen; Baron de Montesquieu on the presidential
system and check and balance. Voltaire on the advocacy of civil liberties;
Jean-Jacques Rousseau on the general will and ideal democracy; and other
political philosophers that shape the existence of the stable government and
state.
3.
Sociology
Sociology studies the
interaction of man in society. The relationship in political science reflects
the social activities of man. It also relates to how they rule the society as
they have to base it in culture, tradition, values, norms, beliefs, and more.
The political practices of dynastic rule, respect of the elders and
authority, the formulation of laws according to the mores and norms, and religious
beliefs have a relationship to the formation of the government and state.
The relevant
relationships of Political Science with Sociology is the study of the
demographic profile, mobility, and productivity of labor, the social setting of
rural and urban; and the concern on population. Furthermore, sociology can also
be studied by social concerns such as addressing the problems of squatters,
unemployment, mobility of labor, age and gender structures, and other
emerging societal problems.
Relevant Relationships of Political Science with
Sociology
a) The socio-demographic structure as to the gender,
age, religion, and educational attainment profile of certain groups of society. These are the important variables to identify
the political services needed in society. In political science, the study of
the demographic condition provides information about the current population,
the family size structure, and the Human Development Index such as mortality
and morbidity rate, childbirth, life expectancy, literacy rates, and other
variables relevant to social processes and stratification of society.
b)
The
socio-cultural structure of the society along with the tradition, culture,
norms, and mores. This provides information about cultural
diversity and ethnicity in the promulgation of special laws (protection of the
ancestral land and ethnic groups)and state polities including other cultural
interests of the society. The issues and concerns on social phenomenology
created by the socio-political structure and processes as to the exploitation
of the poor, electoral fraud, bribery, and human reciprocity.
c)
The
demographic social issues and concerns on unemployment, prostitution,
squatters, and other and social crimes. The political
issues and concerns in addressing the social problems such as unemployment
and surplus of labor; illegal gambling and prostitution including the effects
of the problem of drug addiction and juvenile delinquency; the lack of housing
problems that creates problems for squatters; and the problem about peace and
order, and security including the increasing problems of crimes in the urban
poor.
4.
Psychology
The psychology studies
the human behavior of society. The human desires, motives, needs, and attitudes
are the root causes of political actions particularly in serving the people. As
we all know politics is the art of persuading and influencing other people to
be elected and gain power and authority in society. The political behavior can
also study the general actions and attitudes of the government in dealing with
the people. The political action responds to the peoples' evaluation such as
political survey about the performance of politicians; demonstrations and other
forms of political grievance mechanisms.
Relevant Relationships of Political Science with
Psychology
a) The utilization of the survey research instrument
to politically analyze the behavioral patterns of the voters and interest
groups in certain geographical areas. This provides a psychological analysis of the utilization of political surveys to study the
political behavior of the voters; political research on the satisfaction
levels of the government performance of politicians; qualitative surveys
and mock elections.
b)
The collective
behavior analysis as to the response in the social evaluation of services
provides by the government and stakeholders. This includes the
political behavior of voters, consumers, professionals, and other sovereign
citizens as to the political issues on graft and corruption; public service,
economic and social services; fiscal management and others.
5. Economics
Economics studies the
management of scarce resources for the utilization of human needs and wants. In
political science, it also studies the economic growth and development in areas
of employment, income, budget and expenditures, and the production of public
goods and services.
Relevant Relationships
of Political Science with Economics
a)
The measure of political stability through the
management of scarce resources and the production of goods and services for
international trade. It deals with the concept of economic growth and
development to determine the employment rate, national income (GNP & GDP);
monetary and trade policies; and other economic tools for development.
b) The provisions of the social and economic development program of the national government affecting investment and employment in the fiscal management of resources. This is the economic management of national resources such as infrastructure developments like the construction of farm-to-market roads, national roads, bridges, and public buildings.
c) The economic policies of free trade, economic investments, tariffs, economic zones, and economic enterprises. This is the economic provision in the management of scarce resources including the implementation of the economic growth and development of the national government.
6. Public Administration
The concept of public
administration refers to the execution, of the national government thrust based
on the utilization of government resources to ensure the general and common
welfare of the society. While political science provides a similar field of
interest as to the systematic study of government and state. It is also
formulation, execution, and implementation of government programs which also
include the study of fiscal and public management
Relevant
Relationships of Political Science with Public Administration
a) The fiscal management of economic resources
through the study of taxation and revenue generation program; budget and public
expenditures; borrowing and deficit financing. It provides
the general support of the economic growth and development as to the fiscal
functions of stabilization, allocation, and distribution including
private-public sector participation in the national government programs.
b)
The national
government provisions of social and economic services relevant to the national
development thrusts of the common and general welfare. It is the
implementation of the national development goals of s poverty alleviation, job
generation, distribution of wealth, and provision of social services for the
poor.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE: THE MODERN
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