https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DFV9B2CX
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CULTURE:
FROM PRIMITIVE SOCIETY TO THE SPACE AGE
================================ ABSTRACT
This book provides cultural and historical perspectives on the development of society to complete the human evolutionary nature from primitive society to the space age of the 30th century. The future prediction of human society has been conceptualized from the post-modern rational analysis in the publication of the “2013 Contemporary Republic” as it introduced the most provocative intellectual view about Space Age Philosophy and Culture of the 30th Century. This is the new conceptual form of the analysis of human culture in a knowledge-based society as it introduced new ideas along the Post-Modern Nostradamus Prediction, Culture-Based Analysis, Active Form of Social Interaction, and Post-Modern Phenomenological Prospects. It also provides a general reference as to the origin, history, principles, theories, and concepts of culture based on the systematic study in the field of sociology and anthropology. These are the cultural concepts of traditions, norms, mores, folkways, customs, and values as applied in the academic community. The forerunners in the development of sociology and anthropology have been presented to show the transition of the classic academic analysis in the study of the interaction of the society from the primitive society such as the culture of the Stone Age, and Metal Age including the evolutionary processes of what is known the human organism in its life support of the habitat. The evolutionary processes are extremely important to know the social interactions of human society as the wonders of science and technology created the strategic opportunity to know what will happen perhaps in the year 2030 in relation to the Martian settlement. This will define new life systems within the human consciousness as we enter the new phase of sociological and anthropological adaptation of the interplanetary adventurism as we will call the Space Age. It will be the most exciting cultural and historical transition as the proactive form of social interaction of human society until the 30th Century.
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Chapter 1
Culture: Evolving Origin, History and Application
in Sociology and Anthropology
The
origin of culture has been directed with the primary notion of survival and
search for food during the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods as they were then called
the primitive men. In this sense, the utilization of stones originated the
transformation of the life cycle in the security, protection, and survival of the
habitat. This primitive life started through the rude method of hunting, and fishing and dependent to forest products as a primary means to get food. The
animal instinct had been carried out by the primitive men for survival and
search for food that this was the simple cultural life processes that extended
thousands of years what was known as the Stone Age. Hence, the cultural
processes embarked on from the utilization of stones and the discovery of fire that
gradually evolved to its survival in primitive times.
Sumner (1906) explained
the cultural processes in the primitive society in his book “A Study of the
Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals” as to
the mode of origin of the folkways :
If we put together all that we have
learned from anthropology and ethnography about primitive men and primitive
society, we perceive that the first task of life is to live. Men begin with
acts, not with thoughts. Every moment brings necessities that must be
satisfied at once. The need was the first experience, and it was followed at once
by a blundering effort to satisfy it. It is generally taken for granted that
men inherited some guiding instincts from their beast ancestry, and it may be
true, although it has never been proved. If there were such inheritances, they
controlled and aided the first efforts to satisfy needs. The analogy makes it easy
to assume that the ways of beasts had produced channels of habit and
predisposition along which dexterities and other psychophysical activities
would run easily. Experiments with newborn
animals show that in the absence of any experience of the relation of means to
ends, efforts to satisfy needs are clumsy and blundering. The method is that of
trial and failure, which produces repeated pain, loss, and disappointments.
Nevertheless, it is a method of rude experiment and selection. The earliest efforts of men were of this kind. The need was the impelling force.
The Sociological and Historical Perspectives in the Development of the Primitive Society: Its Cultural Relevance to the Modern Society
The primitive men had to satisfy the basic physiological instinct for survival proceeded by the rude blundered action, particularly in hunting of animals. The human species is like the animal species with basic instincts for getting food and survival in the habitat. The beastly nature of men had long existed from the primitive times when stones were used as a weapon and self-defense. The culture of the primitive society was usually defined by the environmental adaptation for food and protection of life. Therefore, culture defends the habitat that transformed a given life of the primitive society.
While the carnivores’
animal kingdom. were dependent on other prey to survive must still use their
physical strengths, dexterities, and psychological ways to attack and survive
in the habitat. The animal species showed a very interesting response in its survival being preyed on by other beasts
including the harsh reality of the environment only with the support of the
mother and herds to protect from possible attack. This could be synthesized
that the human species needed to survive by its impelling force of the basic
needs and support of life in primitive society. It was this ground to altered
and adapted its given habitat to produce food, clothing, and shelter in order to
survive and use the psycho-social activities to later define the specific
group of society with a distinct culture.
The social dichotomy of pleasure and pain had been in the limelight in the struggle for cultural life in primitive society. The life experiences of pleasure and pain had been well-defined by the psychological and mental development of primitive men. They learned the sense of emotional enjoyment such as the cultural words of happiness, merriment, gladness, and other positive responses to life particularly in the victory of war and expansion of territory. While the avoidance of pain provided alternative choices in the psychological and mental processes that would reduce and prevent the experience of pain in life.
The development of social groups existed as the result of survival, security, and protection of life the animal species defined its strength by its sustained ability to stay in one group called a herd. The animal instinct for survival is reflected by the kind of life conditions that exist in social groups.
These were the social processes at the origin of the transformation of culture in the primitive society:
1. 1. The cultural processes originated in the search for food and self-preservation as the basic ingredients of the life cycle in primitive times.
2. 2. The self-preservation of life was more on the utilization of stones to prevent the attack and harm of the beasts in the forests.
3. 3. The basic life support for food and clothing depended on the geographic domicile and environment as human life gradually adapted to its cultural life.
4. 4. The cultural life adaptation was important to suit the available food, clothing, and shelter.
5. The Paleolithic and Neolithic periods in the development of crude stones originated the cultural life cycle into the early existence of primitive men and the homo sapiens.
6. 1. The
utilization of stones and the discovery of fire eventually transformed primitive men to be superior to the animal species.
2. The search for food eventually changed as a wide array of human choices for consumption that had been abundant in the habitat such as animals, plants, and fishes.
3. The wide variety of human choices for food consumption such as animals, plants, and fish gradually adopted the cultural life cycle and process in the development of agriculture, fishery, and the domestication of animals.
9.
The cultural
life process had been converging by its repetitive observation and mental
analysis of its habitat based on the following cultural variables:
1. The instinctive beliefs of supernatural orders in the universe from its day–nightlife cycle produce the mental and psychological belief about the ideas of gods and goddesses. The religion of the world had been available to justify its supernatural phenomena that exist based on this human evolutionary development except the life of Christ which later on evolved by its genuine spiritual essence of the afterlife of the universal society.
2. The human instinct of the aesthetic values had been done for the long day life to learn and appreciate the condition of society. This later on transformed to arts in the inclusion of painting, and sculpture; literary works such as nature’s writing, language symbolism, legendary stories, and other cultural and historical developments of the primitive society that were later on studied by archaeologists, anthropologists, and sociologists.
The development of culture had been done through frequent social group contacts as everyday activities produced constant communication in society. This was the societal force for the transmission of a given culture in the family that extended to the collective culture of the community. The social group plays a varied societal and family role in a repetitive manner. The development of social organization was reflected in the family as the basic unit of society. This was the foundation in the study of social groups as the birth of the offspring provided the gradual support of the parents. As the basic unit of society, human beings were defined by the love and care of the members of the family particularly the role of parents to teach the offspring the basic social life pattern and behavior of the given society.
The members of the family teaching and learning had specific roles in the transactional analysis of social communication. The parents’ authoritative role in the rearing of children is followed by their decisions and actions as the lineage of transactional analysis complements the social interaction within the family. The children were guided by certain social communication of parents’ authority given the fact that their biological development and growth depended so much on them. The children had to accept certain family roles as guided by the family code of parents.
In the transactional authority of the father,
he taught the sons to provide the physiological and security support of the
family including training them the skills in farming, fishing, hunting, and
fighting against the enemies to secure the tribe. The father's roles provided face-to-face
contact with his sons not only in the occupation and security but also with the
ancestral background of the historical and cultural antecedents in relation
to the dominant male in the family and the tribe. The dominance of the male
power of the tribe projects from the security and survival of the family clan
and collectively the development of a tribe.
On the transactional authority of the mother, she taught the daughters the housekeeping activities and the moral training of the children about the importance of the family. The human compassion is reflected in the rearing of the mother in the moral ascendancy and caring of the children. The parents had the role of teaching the children about procreation, their role in society, and other institutional influences that may affect the family. The submissive nature of women had been attributed to the biological human frailty for secure the existence of the family. The dominant force for survival was still the physical attributes to defend and expand the realm of group power and influence within a given geopolitics of the area.
The members of the family are established on specific roles in the family pattern (such as the nuclear family) that extends to the modern culture :
1. Wife and Husband. It is the basic obligation of the husband to give love, care, and support of the wife as legally pronounced the matrimony of marriage. Likewise, the wife has the obligation to provide love and care for the husband.
2. Parent. It is the role of the father to provide financial support and security for the family and the mother to provide for tender love and care of the offspring.
3. Son. The male offspring of the parent that followed the lineage of authority and as a future father in a family. The traditional values of the past, the father has the responsibility and obligation to train them to support and secure the family.
4. Daughter. The female offspring of the parent followed the lineage of the function and responsibility of the mother in the family. The basic role is on the affectionate love and care in the family.
The gradual development of family provides the mutual support of the
marriages of the children as it produces other offspring that shifted now the
role of the family to parents and grandparents. It has extended on concept of
affinity and consanguinity arising from the intertwined of two families with
multiplier effects in support of each other. The increase of inter-marriage
among the children in the community would result in the creation of a clan. The
community becomes a product of the multiplicity of marriage that the
development of the family extends to the elders and ancestors. The
intermarriage results in a kinship relationship.
These are the social implications in the
development of the family in its historical and sociological perspectives within society:
1. The elders produced the symbolic head based on its bravery and courage to rule a tribe as it would later on establish the dimension of royal blood with political implications of the rightful leader or ruler in the tribes.
2. 2. The political authority through physical strength, courage, and bravery had been dominated by the males in tribal wars and invasions.
3. The political control and economic production was the main engine of the social stratification of the society. The royal family was given financial support based on the power to collect taxes in the development of tribes and society. Those who controlled the farming system and means of transportation were given economic wealth support of the royal family and security.
In contemporary times, the family pattern still
follows the same lineage of mutual love, support, and security. The extended
family ties are still present in Asia, Africa, and South America. However, in developed and industrialized countries in America and Europe, the independence
of the offspring is in the age bracket of 18 years old. The social classes are
those members of the economic proprietors whose savings are transformed into
investments. While managers and highly educated professionals have the
opportunity to rise in the social class as the income bracket produces a higher
value of material life. This is the reason that material wealth and income have
been the basis of the social stratification of the society.
These are the social group activities as the obligation to support the community: (1) The community obligation to the frequent contact of the elders and warriors to provide security and defense to the entire tribe: and (2) The establishment of government to lead the tribe as a chief in providing the management of the affairs of the tribe with the support of the elders as the advisory body to maintain the ancestral laws, norms, literature and etc.
Given the specific role as communicated by the social group, face-to-face interaction has an immediate impact on the individual interest as the main motive in the production of habit and custom in the group.
The Societal Forces in the Primitive Society
The primitive men were
more barbaric and uncivilized as expansionary war had been a constant activity in the early times. The culture of war had been at the forefront of pleasure and
pain of primitive society until the medieval period. However, the effect of
expansionary integration no longer results in tribal wars but the formation of
state and empire. This has been the development of a state no longer its
inhabitant and territory that had an impact but the formation of government and
sovereign power.
1. The earliest stage of the primitive society is designed by laws of the primitive society. It is the stability of the cultural life of the society. The societal laws are designed to suppress the unlawful acts of animalistic instincts and drive the survival of the fittest.
2. The war had been the instrument of pain as to collateral damage for the defeated tribe suffered the inhumane circumstances in cultural life. The personal grandeur reflected by its victory in war produced human pleasure.
The instrumental
development of culture is the satisfaction of basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. The primacy of food had been abundant to the peasants as the
warring people simply terrorized and sowed fear to get food in the farmland. The
clothing and shelter were taken either by means of war or geographical
occupancy. However, those who permanently resided in a secured tribe or kingdom
had formed their own habits and customs that emerged on the basis of cultural diffusion,
amalgamation, and acculturation.
Now the development
of a matured society gradually reached the meeting of minds, constant face-to-face interaction on a set of rules, and solving group problems affecting the cultural
processes of human society. The cultural processes of social communication and
interaction on varied societal interests had been the phenomenal forces
unconsciously affecting the folkways. As a result of the repetitive social actions
had unconsciously created:
1. The constant communication
provided the means of development to enhance societal life.
2. The human instinct is related to the animal instinct that unconsciously
forms a group for the development of collective interest for the security and
survival of social groups.
3. The intermingling social interaction has been able to generate cultural diffusion, amalgamation, and acculturation.
4. The societal experiences were handed down to the next generation
such as laws, norms, literary stories of the ancestors, and the ceremonial
practices for the supernatural orders of the universe.
The cultural life expanded by the repetitive variations evolved the topmost layers of the society in the mental and cognitive development:
1. Human Philosophy. The learned society of the elders and intelligentsia whose wisdom revolved as the human philosophy by its by-product of the cultural life of the society.
2. Ethics. The evolving elderly knowledge about knowledge of what’s right and wrong, moral and immoral is grounded in the laws and rules of the ancestral society.
3. Religion. The supernatural beliefs had been adopted by the repetitive observation of the religious practices based on coincidental consequences of human actions for its gradual development of cultural life.
The conception of
"primitive society" that we ought to form is that of small groups
scattered over a territory. The size of the groups is determined by the
conditions of the struggle for existence. The internal organization of each
group corresponds to its size. A group of groups may have some relation to each
other (kin, neighborhood, alliance, connubium, and commercial) which draws them
together and differentiates them from others. Thus a differentiation arises
between ourselves, the we-group, or in-group, and everybody else, or the
others-groups, out-groups. The insiders in a we-group are in a relation of
peace, order, law, government, and industry, to each other. Their relation to
all outsiders, or other groups, is one of war and plunder, except so far as
agreements have modified it. If a group is exogamic, the women in it were born
abroad somewhere. Other foreigners who might be found in it are adopted
persons, guest friends, and slaves. (Sumner,1906)
The Human Evolution
In
the late 1800s, many anthropologists promoted models of social and biological
evolution. However, the most in influential anthropological view about human
evolution was The Ancient Society which was published in 1877 by American
anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan.
Morgan
argued that European civilization was the pinnacle of human evolutionary
progress, representing humanity’s highest biological, moral, and technological
achievement. According to Morgan, human societies had evolved to civilization
through earlier conditions, or stages, which he called Savagery and Barbarism. He
believed these stages occurred over many thousands of years and compared them
to geological ages. But he attributed cultural evolution to moral and mental
improvements, which he proposed were, in turn, related to improvements in the
ways that people produced food and to increases in brain size.
He
also examined the material basis of cultural development. He believed that
under Savagery and Barbarism, people owned property communally, as groups.
Civilizations and political states, he said, developed together with the
private ownership of property. States thus protected people’s rights to own
property. Morgan's theories coincided with and influenced those of German
political theorists Friedrich
Engels and Karl
Marx. Engels and Marx, using a model
like Morgan’s, predicted the demise of state-supported capitalism. They saw communism, a new political and economic system based on the ideals of
communality, as the next evolutionary stage for human society.
Like
Morgan, Sir
Edward Tylor, a founder of
British anthropology, also promoted the theories of cultural evolution in the
late 1800s. He attempted to describe the development of particular kinds of
customs and beliefs found across many cultures. For example, he proposed a
sequence of stages for the evolution of religion—from animism (the belief in spirits), through polytheism (the belief in many gods), to monotheism (the belief in one god). In 1871 Tylor also wrote a still widely
quoted definition of culture, describing it as “that complex whole that
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.” This definition formed
the basis for the modern anthropological concept of culture.
On
human evolution, Potts (2009) expounded on the lengthy process of change by
which people originated from ape-like ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that
the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a period
of at least 6 million years.
The
scientific evidence presented by Potts (2009)
expounded the concept of human evolution as “ One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism—walking
on two legs as the primary form of locomotion—evolved more than 4 million years
ago. Other important human characteristics—such as a large and complex brain,
the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language—developed more recently. Many advanced traits—including complex
symbolic expression, such as art, and elaborate cultural diversity—emerged
mainly during the past 100,000 years.”
However, he explained that most scientists distinguish among 12 to 19
different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about
how the species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human
species—probably the majority of them—left no descendants. Scientists also
debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans,
and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species.
Usually,
the scientific study of human evolution is called paleoanthropology.
Paleoanthropology is a subfield of anthropology, the study of human culture, society, and biology. Paleoanthropologists search for the
roots of human physical traits and behavior. They seek to discover how
evolution has shaped the potentials, tendencies, and limitations of all people.
For many people, paleoanthropology is an exciting scientific field because it
illuminates the origins of the defining traits of the human species, as well as
the fundamental connections between humans and other living organisms on Earth.
Scientists have abundant evidence of human evolution from fossils, artifacts,
and genetic studies. However, some people find the concept of human evolution
troubling because it can seem to conflict with religious and other traditional
beliefs about how people, other living things, and the world came to be. Yet
many people have come to reconcile such beliefs with the scientific evidence.
(Potts: 2009)
Evolutionary
genetic change of all species considered by Potts (2009):
1.
All species of organisms originate through the process of biological evolution. In this process, new species arise from a series of natural changes.
In animals that reproduce sexually, including humans, the term species
refers to a group whose adult members regularly interbreed, resulting in
fertile offspring—that is, offspring themselves capable of reproducing.
Scientists classify each species with a unique, two-part scientific name.
2.
The mechanism for
evolutionary change resides in genes—the basic units of heredity. Genes affect how the body and behavior of an organism develop during
its life. The information contained in genes can change—a process known as
mutation. The way particular genes are expressed—how they affect the
body or behavior of an organism—can also change. Over time, genetic change can alter a species overall way of life, such as what it eats,
how it grows, and where it can live.
3.
Genetic changes can
improve the ability of organisms to survive, reproduce, and, in animals, raise
offspring. This process is called adaptation. Parents pass adaptive genetic changes to their offspring, and
ultimately these changes become common throughout a population—a group
of organisms of the same species that share a particular local habitat. Many
factors can favor new adaptations, but changes in the environment often play a
role. Ancestral human species adapted to new environments as their genes
changed, altering their anatomy (physical body structure), physiology (bodily functions, such as digestion), and behavior. Over long
periods, evolution dramatically transformed humans and their ways of life.
C.
Different Stages in the Evolution of Man
These are now the
different stages of the evolution of man identified by anthropologists
based on the archeological findings within the human societal period of the
Paleolithic and Neolithic Period until the Age of Metals. These are the
cultural transitions of human society relevant to the origin of man. In the
last part of this book, it reveals the future of humans as presented in the
development stages of the space age until the 30th century to
understand the full evolutionary cycle of the human species.
1. Hominid ( Manlike
Primates) - The development of the different species of
primates which were able to evolve in 40 million years ago. There have been
various relics of hominids which could be described as manlike primates:
a) “Ramapithecus”- This hominid is believed to have lived 14 million years the remains could be found in the Siwalik Hills of India. The description of
this hominid could stand upright and used stones and sticks to frighten his
enemies. This kind of species was found by Mrs. Mary Leaky at the volcanic ash
of Laetolil, Tanzania, East Africa in 1975.
b) “Lucy” - The American
archeologist, Donald C. Johanson discovered a whole skeleton of a
teenage girl at Hadar, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
c) “ Australopithecus ” – It was believed to live in Africa about 5 million years ago. He had a small brain but
could walk straight and used simple tools.
2. Homo Habilis ( “Handy Man”) - The apelike men used stone tools as weapons and protection for their enemies.
a) “Zinjanthropus” – The physical description of this species was about 4 feet and could walk upright with a small brain. He used crude stone weapons for protection against predators. This was discovered by Dr. Louis S.B. Leakey ( Husband of Mrs. Mary Leakey) in Olduva Gorge, Tanzania, East Africa in 1999 which is believed to have lived about 1.75 million years ago.
b) “ Lake Turkana” ( “1470 Man” ) – This species was about 5 feet tall and walked upright. He used more refined stone tools with a brain double the size of a chimpanzee’s brain. This was excavated in Lake Turkana, Keny, East Africa by Dr. Richard Leakey ( The son of the famous Dr. and Mrs. Leakey) in 1972 which consisted of a shattered skull and leg bones.
3. Homo Erectus (
“Upright Man”) – It was believed to be the
first man-like creature that lived about 500,000 years ago in Asia, Africa and
Europe. This manlike species could walk straight with almost the same brain as the modern man. He made refined stone tools for hunting and weapons for the
protection of the enemies.
(a) “Pithecanthropus
Erectus” ( “Java Man”) – This was discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trinil, Java,
Indonesia in 1891 and was then called the “ Java Man” .The physical
characteristics of this homo erectus were: about 5 feet tall; could walk
erect; heavy and chinless jaw; hairy body of modern man.
(b) “Sinanthropus Pekinensis” ( “Peking Man”) – This homo erectus specie
was discovered at Choukoutien village,
Beijing, China in 1929. This was about 5’
2” tall, could walk upright, and the brain almost as large as the modern man
which was believed to have lived 500,000 years ago.
4. Homo Sapien ( “Wise Man”) – It was believed that this was the direct descendant of modern man which lived about 250,000 years ago. They had similar physical descriptions to modern man. They originated as primitive men whose activities were largely dependent on hunting, fishing, and agriculture. They buried their dead, used hand tools, and had religion.
(a) Neanderthal Man –
The Neanderthal man was discovered in the cave of Neanderthal Valley near
Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856. It was believed to appear in the high-temperate
zone in Europe and Asia about 70,000 years ago. They had physical
characteristics as heavily built with powerful jaws, brutish and primitively
intelligent. They usually lived in caves and were dependent in hunting and fishing. They had religious beliefs and were more
advanced than the homo erectus.
(b) Cro Magnon Man –
This was more stronger homo sapiens than the Neanderthal which was discovered by French archaeologist
Louis Lartet in the Cro Magnon Cave at Ley Eyzies in southern France. It was
believed to live in Europe, Asia and Africa. Specifically, their remains have
been found in western Asia including Italy, Spain, France, and Russia, and all
areas over Africa. They were about 5
feet and 11 inches with more developed brains than their predecessor. As a
prehistoric man, they had stone implements, art objects. and consistent
hunting skills.
The
evolutions of primitive men are laid in three historical periods.
1. Paleolithic Period ( Old Stone Age : 3
million years to 8,000 B.C.) The common primitive men identified in this period
were the homo erectus such as Java Man and Peking Man; the homo sapiens such as
the Neanderthal Man and Cro Magnon Man.
The
characteristics of this period were :
(a) The rough stone tools were used as main
weapons and tools such as
chisels, knives, spears, and others.
(b) They lived in hunting, fishing, and gathering any fruits available in the forests.
(c) They were able to use fire which was used to
cook their food and to
protect
them from colds.
(d) They
lived in a cave and later learned to build primitive shelters.
(e) They learned to develop primitive arts,
personal ornaments, and
other art forms.
2. Neolithic Period
( New Stone Age: 8,000- 4,000 B.C.) This started in the disappearance of the
Cro-Magnun and new people which was considered as modern man.
The characteristics
of this period :
(a) The development
of refined stone tools and weapons.
(b) They made their
own house.
(c)
They learned to domesticate animals such as horses, pigs, dogs, cattle
and etc.
(d) They learned to use wove clothes as the
protection of their skin; and
(e) They began to cut trees which were used
as boats as a means of
transportation and fishing in the rivers.
3. Age of Metals (4,000 B.C. – 1,500 B.C.) The use of metals such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical development from the cradles civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including India, and China which later on spread throughout Asia. The civilization which defined to a more developed social, cultural, political, and economic system had spread in the Middle East, Asia, and even South America. It had already direct contacts through the tribes, kingdoms, empire, and later on states which the constant political activities were through conquest, wars, and trade.
The evolutionary process of humans in the Paleolithic Age to the Metal Age provided the gradual transition as to environmental adaptation to the rational way to introduce a new form of knowledge to satisfy its basic existence. The survival and search of food had been the major consideration for thousands of years. They learned to live in caves and later on built their own houses as shelter as the basic requirement in the humans introduced the different functions for the place to sleep, cook their food, and provide places for the weapons and utensils. The hunting for food expanded through the domestication of animals and learning to cultivate the farmland.
The
river system not only became a source of food such as fish and crabs but
source of transportation. They were able to live in the river system of the
wild forest as the human settlement gradually improved their culture and later
on what was known as civilization. The gradual transformation of civilization
provided them a more complex life structure as they called it paintings,
arts, sculpture, dances, songs, storytelling, and other literary works that
defined the culture of the past.
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